Latrobe's Doric Revival at Hammerwood Park An Architectural History and Theory Essay submitted towards Part One of the Diploma in Architecture, Cambridge University, by Michael Trinder. April 1993 Contents List of Plates iii Latrobe's Doric Revival at Hammerwood Park Introduction 1 Early History 3 The Moravian Church 3 Latrobe's Education 5 Hammerwood Lodge 7 The Spirit of Apollo 10 Apollo and Hammerwood 11 Conclusions 13 Bibliography 14 Plates 16 Acknowledgements. I would like to thank David Pinnegar for the initial opportunity to study his house in detail and for all his support, Patrick Snadon of Mississippi State University for looking over the first draft and Dr David Watkin for his interest. List of Plates The Coade Stone plaque above the western portico Cover Hammerwood Park South Front 16 2 Benjamin Henry Latrobe 17 3 Rev. Benjamin Latrobe 17 4 Thomas Jefferson by B.H. Latrobe 18 5 The Capitol, South Elevation 19 6 The Capitol, West Elevation 19 7 Derelict Bathroom at Hammerwood Park 20 8 Derelict Corridor 20 9 The Library in 1982 21 10 The Library, today 21 11 Plans of Herrnhut, Niesky and Klein Welke 22 12 Latrobe's drawing of Kirkstall Abbey 23 13 The western portico 24 14 Part of the Temple of Hera I 24 15 1816 Map of Hammerwood 25 16 Plan of Paestum 26 17 Temple of Hera I 27 18 Temple of Hera II 28 19 Capital from Temple of Hera I 29 20 Details of Paestum by Thomas Major 30 21 View of Paestum by Thomas Major 31 22 Temple of Hera I and II in the landscape 32 23 Landscape with Temple, JC Reinhart 33 24 Greek Landscape, GB Steinkopf 34 25 Hammerwood Park from the southeast 35 26 The eastern portico 35 27 Plan and Elevation of Porticoes 36 28 Sections through the site 38 29 Detail of western portico 39 30 Eastern Borghese plaque 39 31 Western Borghese plaque 39 32 Doric Temple , Hagley Park 40 33 Shepherd's Monument, Shugborough 40 34 Doric Temple, Shugborough 41 35 Temple of Apollo, Delos 42 36 New St. Lawrence Church 42 37 Crypt of Sainte GeneviŠve 43 38 Section through Sainte GeneviŠve 43 39 Princes Street Vestibule, Bank of England 44 40 Ashdown House porch 45 41 Ashdown House 45 42 The White House, South Portico 45 Introduction At first they excited nothing but stupefaction. I found myself in a world which was completely strange to me. Our eyes and, through them, our whole sensibility have become so conditioned to a more slender style of architecture that these crowded masses of stumpy conical columns appear offensive and even terrifying. But I pulled myself together, remembered the history of art. and in less than an hour I found myself reconciled to them and even thanking my guardian angel for having allowed me to see these well preserved remains with my own eyes. Reproductions give a false impression. It is only by walking through them and round them that one can attune one's life to theirs and experience the emotional effects which the architect intended. I spent the whole day doing this.1 Goethe's passionate description of his first encounter with the ruins of Paestum in 1787 shows their true force it took a re-evaluation of taste to appreciate their sublime quality, a re-evaluation which led Europe to a passionate revival of all things Greek. When I first saw Hammerwood Park (fig 1) in 1991, my reaction to its almost ugly forms was somewhat similar here were columns based on Paestum used on a country house with the utmost confidence and to radical effect. This house was the first work of Benjamin Henry Latrobe (fig 2), one of only two solo works executed before leaving for America. Latrobe is probably best known in America for his friendship with Thomas Jefferson (fig 4) and his architectural involvement in the Capitol (figs 5,6), the Bank of Pennsylvania and the south portico of the White House (fig 43). His status as America's first qualified architect, and his shared love of Classical architecture with Jefferson, helped him set a style for US civil architecture which so enraged later architects such as Sullivan and Wright, but continues in use today. His two English works, Hammerwood Lodge (now Park) and Ashdown House (figs 42,43) are often overlooked, overshadowed by the glare of his later career.2 Even Latrobe is somewhat dismissive of these works writing Had I, in England, executed what I have done here, I should now be able to sit down quietly and enjoy otium cum dignitate. But in England the crowd of those whose talents are superior to mine is so great, that I should perhaps never have elbowed through them.3 Add to this that Hammerwood Park was brutally subdivided, and then until 1982 lay derelict, see figures 7 and 8, the general dismissal of the house becomes clear. Now the house has been almost completely restored,4 with much of its original detailing surviving behind the false ceilings and walls inserted during subdivision, it deserves to be re-assessed.  Early History Despite his career in America, Latrobe was born on May 1st 1764 in Fulneck, Yorkshire, a rapidly growing community named and founded, just west of Leeds, by the Moravian Church .5 His father, the Reverend Benjamin Latrobe (fig 3), was a leading figure in Fulneck and went on to become one of the most respected members of the Church hierarchy.6 His formative years were thus shaped almost completely by the attitudes of this evangelical branch of Protestantism. The Moravian Church The Moravian Church or Unitas Fratrum, originated in Czechoslovakia in 1457 at Kunwald.7 It was persecuted, suppressed and exiled in the 1600's, and lay low until 1715 when two simultaneous revivals of the religion occurred in Lititz in Bohemia and the 'original' Fulneck in Moravia. Further persecution led to the migration of the church in 1722 to Herrnhut in Saxony, under the patronage of Count Zinzendorf.8 Herrnhut (fig 11), or 'watch of the lord', became the centre for the Unitas Fratrum and the community there thrived under Zinzendorf's care, maturing their own rules and regulations into a strict protestant religion. As Edward Langton says, No large body of Christians has ever exercised a finer moral discipline over its members than the Church of the United Brethren. We have seen how repeatedly they urged Luther to adopt a stricter discipline among his followers.9 The Church of the United Brethren had several ideals, all legacies from its past practice and persecution, that permeated the lives of its followers. These were a strict moral code, segregated communal living with little emphasis on family ties, evangelism, pacifism and a love of education. From this commitment to knowledge came a tolerance toward new ideas and peoples, strange for such a fundamental religion. The community was divided by sex and age into ten 'Choirs' which replaced any normal family based living, each choir having its own buildings and being responsible for the education, welfare and worship of its members.10 The commitment to evangelism brought the religion to England and then to America, with the first Moravian settlers arriving in the USA in 1736, founding their first permanent settlement at Bethlehem in Pennsylvania. The embodiment of the religion in a planned, built fabric was an essential part of the Moravian ideait allowed the choir system to operate with often complete segregation, and set the brethren apart from other communities.William Murtagh provides an insight to this process. As opposed to most immigrants who came to America for personal gain, it must be emphasised that the Moravians came to these shores to find religious asylum and bring Christianity to the Indians of the American wilderness. From initial concept to actual settlement, Moravian communities were a unified effort pre-planned by Moravian leaders. Whether creating church householder villages or industrial centres such as Bethlehem, Moravians were conscious of the necessity to secure approval of plans from the church headquarters at Herrnhut.11 This settlement at Bethlehem was masterminded by Henry Antes, a master builder who originally purchased the land for the Brethren.12 His daughter, Margaret Antes, followed the visiting Count Zinzendorf back to England to be taught at the Moravian schools in London. On graduating she became a teacher and moved to the new settlement of Fulneck where she met the Reverend Benjamin Latrobe. In 1756 they married, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe appeared in 1764.13 Latrobe's Education Latrobe was born into a community that was still building itself, surrounded by the activities of architecture and the need for the religious planning permission conferred by Herrnhut. The impression this environment made is clear in the memory of his son John H.B. Latrobe, who wrote of his father's drawing 'of Kirkstall Abbey, from nature, made by him in his twelfth year, the accuracy and force of which, in all its Gothic details, would do credit to any artist.'(fig 12)14 At the time he made this drawing he would have been about to leave the Fulneck boarding school to venture to the Paedagogium at Niesky in Silesia, a college set up by the Moravians for the children of its missionaries and ministers (fig 11). Latrobe had started school at the age of three, learning to read and write, and the Paedagogium was merely the next stage before moving on to the church's foremost seminary at Barby aged seventeen. Barby's teaching excellence was a result of Moravian fascination with education and it served as the central training school for the officers of the church. During almost this whole period he had had little contact with his parents, the Moravian community substituted for family, but nevertheless it seems that he was following them into the running of the church. However Latrobe's interest in engineering changed all thisprior to moving to Barby he had met a Prussian engineer and spent some time with him.15 During the late eighteenth century, engineering was almost totally a military concern, dealing exclusively with the design of weapons and fortifications. Latrobe later wrote to Thomas Jefferson saying that he had wished to enter this profession.16 The Unity Elders Conference of 27 March 1783 felt that this interest conflicted with their commitment to pacifism, saying that Doubt and disbelief concerning the truth of evangelical teaching is expressed by a number of students, most of whom however. let themselves be freed from their doubts by the Saviour's grace. Only one, or at most two, find pleasure at persevering in this state. This is particularly the case with Benjamin Latrobe, whose continued stay here at the seminary seems very questionable and would cause a great deal of damage.17 As a result Latrobe came back to England, arriving in 1784 having spent the intervening period travelling in Europe. He was a well educated but disaffected man he had learned Latin, Greek, philosophy, history, theology, physics, botany, astronomy and pneumatics,18 but his first job was at the Stamp Office in the City. This stopgap was soon given up in order to work for John Smeaton's London office, fulfilling his engineering ambitions. With Smeaton he worked as a draughtsman for two or three years and on designs for the Basingstoke Canal in particular, but further European travel in 1786 led to a re-assessment of his career. He definitely visited Naples19 and, judging by the design of Hammerwood, must have come to Paestum along with the many other English aesthetes encouraged to do so by the controversy surrounding the first smoulderings of the Greek Revival (cf figs 13,14). As Goethe pointed out in his Italian diary, the sublime power of Paestum was hard, if not impossible, to record on paper a visit by Latrobe would only have strengthened his decision to move from Engineering to Architecture. He had already considered architecture after encouragement from Baron von Schachmann whilst in Silesia,20 and after a few years gaining his confidence working for SP Cockerell on a variety of projects,21 a recently married Latrobe struck out on his own in 1791. Whilst pursuing his studies at home, he was visited by a friend, Mr Sperling, who, finding him disengaged, and admiring his growing talents, commissioned him to design and build a mansion near East Grinstead, to be called Hammerwood Lodge.22 Hammerwood Lodge From evidence of the site history and the current fabric,23 what Sperling wanted Latrobe to do was to incorporate an existing building into a much grander house which would show off his wealth. The site was approached from the south along a serpentine driveway starting across the valley (see figs 15 & 1), and so nearly all of Latrobe's effort went into the design of the southern aspect. The house sits on the upper side of the valley bordered by trees and overlooking carefully landscaped fields which run right up to the facade. The general layout of the house is a typical Palladian forma massive central block accentuated by a giant order of shallow pilasters is flanked by low arcaded wings terminated in tetrastyle porticoes, while an asymmetric service wing stretches toward the northeast, hidden behind the bulk of the house. However the detailing of the house stems from the 6BC Graecian forms that Latrobe had seen at Paestum (figs 16-18). This re-working of the Palladian form was a typical starting point for the few Greek revivalists that existed in the 1760-1800 period the architectural profession had by now become established, riding on the back of a new Palladianism, and had staunchly defended itself against any other style. This diatribe was led by Sir William Chambers, who attacked the Greek revival in the 1791 third edition of his Treatise on Civil Architecture calling the characteristic Doric columns 'gouty'.24 Therefore to do anything outside the mainstream meant to go it alone, and be associated with what was seen, quite rightly, as a Francophile style. The French Revolution was on the minds of the gentry and the professional classes, and for Latrobe to follow such thinking was at once limiting, but also liberating for such a naturally free-thinker; the Moravian ideals of his upbringing cut through any British xenophobia and class consciousness. Latrobe and his young client, who was only a year older, fired up by this enthusiasm, set out to design a collective ego trip on a small budget. The house, although of modest size for the time, is designed to look huge. The inclusion of temple fronts on the wings of the composition implies the large space of a temple behind them. Their diminution by the rest of the house gives the impression of a massive overall construction. In fact the porticoes (figs 26,27) are rather small and cramped the columns are two feet across at the base, nine feet high and at 5,6 and 5 foot centres, and the whole portico is only 18 feet 4 inches high.25 The order is unfluted and extremely conical in form; in fact, leaving aside the capitals, there is hardly any decoration on these porticoes- there are no triglyphs or metopes, the frieze is a plain band- nothing to give the design a scale, merely a constant allusion to ponderous weight. These are certainly no refined, elegant columns beloved of renaissance thought, they are rude constructions, triumphant in their form. These ideas are present to a lesser degree on the central block, where the pilasters sit as thin vertical limestone strips against a sandstone background. They support a plain, wide band which gives the only horizontal element to the composition. The block sits proud from the wings as a pure, clean form, its dramatism emphasising scale and weight (fig 25). The other Greek revivalists who were designing in England at this early date had never been as free as this in their work. Stuart and Revett were both successful at copying the details that they had carefully drawn for the Society of Dilettanti (figs 33-37), Bonomi was similarly reverent to the classical precedent and Harrison's monumental Chester Castle was nowhere near as stripped as Hammerwood. Latrobe was clearly doing something different here. Whilst the capitals he used on the porticoes are beautifully detailed copies of those at Paestum, the dimensions of the portico are Latrobe's own the exact numbers of feet in its measurements are completely at odds with the more archeological approach of Stuart and Revett- they speak of self-conscious design. That the spirit of Latrobe's order lay in Paestum is of little doubt- the capitals were fabricated to his specification by the Coade factory from the Thomas Major drawings widely available at this time (figs 20,21)26 and CD Lewis points out the similarity from a visit in 196227- but these capitals have a fluted necking band on them as part of the Coade moulding. Why use this on top of a plain column? This question has caused some confusion with some writers citing Paestum and others the Delian order, which has a band of fluting at both the neck and base of the column, as the inspiration. Revett's drawing of the Temple at Delos (fig 36) was included in volume three of the Antiquities of Athens which was published in 1794, but the actual plate carries the inscription 'Pubd as the Act directs April 3, 1792' and Latrobe could easily have seen it before this date on Revett's New St. Lawrence Church (1778-9, fig 37). I am inclined to think that, just as Latrobe invoked the spirit of Paestum he was also using this Delian order in a way which will become clear. The present owner, David Pinnegar, has noted that these necking bands are usually in shadow and so are hidden from a distance, only revealing themselves, and thus a scale, on closer observation.28 On a formal level this would be sufficient justification- it fits with the sublime scaleless quality of the composition, but Latrobe used another Coade stone element on each portico which leads to another explanation. Above the small doorway in each is one of the two plaques that the Coade factory derived from the Borghese Vase (fig 30-32). The Borghese Vase was a very popular item in the Coade catalogue and, as Alison Kelly describes, 'the [vase] shows Bacchanalian revellers and Apollo. the revellers on the Borghese Vase could be divided into two groups, each of which made a plaque. These two plaques sold less frequently than the vase and Hammerwood would appear to have the last remaining examples of them.29 So Latrobe places a plaque depicting Apollo behind columns based on the Delian order, which in turn came from Revett's survey of the Temple to Apollo on Delos. Given Latrobe's extensive education and classical knowledge, this can be no coincidencethe spirit of Apollo was a primary element in the design of Hammerwood. The Spirit of Apollo The nature of Apollo is a complex one as, like most early gods and spirits, the name Apollo is merely an epithet, a euphemism. In the same way that our word 'bear' derives from the animal's brown colour, and the Russian one refers to its love of honey, so Apollo is derived from the concepts of strength and power. Calling a god by such an epithet rather than by their real name was a kind of insurance against blasphemy still present in today's language.30 Thus strength and power are simply Apollo's positive aspectshis darker side can be guessed from his continual association with the wolf.31 Apollo was the spirit of the hunt, but not in the bloody, violent manner that Artemis embodied; in fact, on the Parthenon frieze, Artemis and Apollo are shown facing away from each other, as opposite poles of the act of hunting. The character of Apollo is therefore the more Arcadian ideal of the placid martial spirit, the calm, thoughtful Greek warrior.32 Apollo and Hammerwood Latrobe's interest and understanding of this area of Greek mythology becomes clear when the planning of Hammerwood is taken into account (fig 28). His adoption of the Palladian form so prevalent at the time results in a naturally polarised plan and Latrobe situates his four major spaces with two in the central block and one in each wing. He makes the symbolic layout of the house concrete in the placing of the two Borghese plaques the one containing Apollo is placed on the western portico, whilst the other, which depicts only bacchanalian revellers, is placed on the eastern wing. The western wing contains Hammerwood's library (fig 10), whilst the revellers herald the entrance to the dining room- the more cerebral part of the house is allowed the closest connection to the noble spirit. Given this careful arrangement of the plan, it is strange that missing from this sequence of rooms is any sort of entrance space to deal with the arrival of people from the driveway to the southwest.33 The layout of the house gives the major spaces an ample southerly aspect, but the most obvious entrance doors, within the porticoes, are tiny things three feet wide. The central block's entertaining rooms only have windows that open directly onto the terrace via a few steps (fig 25). It could be argued that Latrobe's communal upbringing had given him a different interpretation of the needs of a house, but that would deny his skill at interpreting his client's brief; his next work at Ashdown House has a grand entrance space. In fact the lack of an entrance implies these rooms are being treated not as primary spaces, but as secondary refuges from Latrobe's most important space in his composition- the landscape. The house acts as a series of side chapels to the grand nave of the valley below. This interpretation is confirmed by the inscription placed high up behind the capitals of the library portico THC. TOU IWANNOU CPERLINGOU EPAULEWC PROS TULH PRWTH. ARCITEKTWN LATROBE. EPOIE TON AYQB ENEAUTON. IHCOU CRICTOU KAI. TON. DE U TERON THC CMB OLUMPIADAC This inscription roughly translates as, 'This is the first portico of John Sperling's home. The architect is Latrobe. He made it in the 1792nd year of Jesus Christ and the second year of the 642nd Olympiad.' However the word EPAULEWC, here meaning home, actually originally meant a cattle-fold. Latrobe's deliberate use of this word implies a view of the house as a series of rustic pens designed as a retreat from the landscape, thoroughly consistent with Hammerwood's intended use as a hunting lodge. Latrobe has taken his client's request for a house in the country and saturated it with the symbolism of Apollo and the Arcadian myth.34 Hammerwood's heroic stance, carefully situated on an outcrop to sit slightly aloof from, but at the same time within the landscape (figs 1 & 29), would have pleased its young owner on both an egoistic and an intellectual level.35 Latrobe's design speaks of an ancient attitude to the landscape and its relation to architecture that was the powder-keg behind much of the Greek Revival. Conclusion Hammerwood is therefore more than a collection of interesting, and early, Greek Doric details used in an exuberant fashion. Latrobe was tying together his composition with a feeling for the true spirit of the architecture, using the Greek precedent symbolically rather than formally. In this way, Latrobe was coming closer to the more intellectual Greek Revival in France than most of his contemporary Englishmen, throwing away the creative shackles of Stuart and Revett's intensely archeological approach.36 Soufflot's Ste GeneviŠve in Paris with its massive Doric columns as symbolically heroic supporting members in the crypt (See figs 38,39)37 must have certainly featured on Latrobe's European travels, and his natural, Moravian freedom of thought and internationalist outlook was therefore both his creative saviour and social downfall. For Latrobe's emigration to America was inevitable. He didn't fit into the class-driven British social scene; his support of France and radical politics severely limited his potential clients, and building in a Francophile manner merely compounded this. His wife's death and his impending bankruptcy left claiming his mother's lands in Pennsylvania the most sensible option.38 He took with him an Arcadian symbolism perfect for the heroic New World so recently declared independent. Whilst Soane, among others, eventually promoted the symbolic values of the Greek Revival with stunning virtuosity (fig 40), had Latrobe continued to build in England, Hammerwood Park would be better remembered as a turning point in the English interpretation of the Greek Revival. Bibliography Cranz, David A History of the Brethren (translated by Benjamin Latrobe) Strahan, London 1780 Crook, JM The Greek Revival John Murray, London 1972 Formwalt & Van Horne, Eds. The Correspondance & Miscellaneous Papers of B.H. Latrobe Vols I-III Yale University Press, New Haven 1984 Gershenson, Daniel E. Apollo the Wolf-God McLean, Virginia 1991 Gollin, Gillian Lindt Moravians in two Worlds Columbia University Press, New York 1967 Guirand, Felix Greek Mythology (trans. Delano Ames) Hamlyn, London 1963 Hamlin, Talbot Benjamin Henry Latrobe New York 1955 Harrison, Tony The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus Faber, London 1991 Havill, John Eleanor CoadeArtificial Stone Manufacturer Self Published 1986 Kelly, Alison Mrs Coade's Stone Upton-upon-Severn 1990 Krauss, Friedrich Paestum- Die Griechischen Tempel Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1984 Laloux, V. L'Architecture Grecque Maison Quantin, Paris 1888 Langton, Edward History of the Moravian Church George Unwin, London 1956 Le Roy Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la GrŠce Paris and Amsterdam 1758 Murtagh, William J. Moravian Architecture and Town Planning University of N.Carolina Press 1967 Pedley, John G. PaestumGreeks and Romans in Southern Italy Thames & Hudson, London 1990 Pinnegar, D. Hammerwood Park Guidebook Hammerwood Park Society 1992 Rykwert, Joseph The First Moderns MIT Press 1980 Stuart & Revett The Antiquities of Athens measured and delineated (4 vols) London 1762-1816 Summerson, John Architecture in Britain 1530-1830 VII edition Harmondsworth 1983 Watkin, David Athenian Stuart. Pioneer of the Greek Revival Allen & Unwin, London 1982 Wiebenson, Dora Sources of Greek Revival Architecture Zwemmer, London 1969 Articles Braham, Allen "The Drawings for Soufflot's Sainte-GeneviŠve" From Burlington Magazine Vol CXIII (October 1978), pp. 582 ff Lewis, CD "The Influence of Archaeological Publications in the Emergence of a Greek Revivial Style 1759-1809" Unpublished Thesis, Department of Architecture, Cambridge University 1962 Serra, Joselita Raspi "Paestum and the Neo-Doric" From Paestum and the Doric Revival 1750-1830 pp. 94-97 Centro Di, Florence 1986 Simoncini, Giorgio "Forms of the Neo-Doric" From Paestum and the Doric Revival 1750-1830 pp. 100-103 Centro Di, Florence 1986 Wiebenson, Dora "From Palladianism to Greek Revival Architecture in America" From Paestum and the Doric Revival 1750-1830 pp. 176-181 Centro Di, Florence 1986 Zanni, Nicoletta "The Doric Revival in England" From Paestum and the Doric Revival 1750-1830 pp. 158-160 Centro Di, Florence 1986 1 From Goethe's Italian Diary, quoted in JM Crook The Greek Revival pp. 22-23 2 For example Talbot Hamlin in Benjamin Henry Latrobe NY 1955 dedicates only 48 pages to his time in Europe and over 500 to the last 25 years of his life in America. 3 From a letter to his brother Christian Ignatius Latrobe dated 4 November 1804. Correspondence of BH Latrobe Vol I, p 563 4 The present owners of the house purchased the wreck in 1982. At this time it had little in the way of roof or floors, and merely the occasional hint of its former self and was becoming structurally unsafe. The restoration of the house is almost complete and the rebuilding process has thrown up much of the initial insights to the design. (see figs 7-9) 5 Edward Langton History of the Moravian Church Unwin 1956 p 130 6 Ibid. p 144. The London Chronicle speaks of him firmly establishing the reputation of the Church. 7 Ibid. p 30 8 Cranz History of the brethren (Trans. Benjamin Latrobe) London 1780. The copy in the Cambridge University Library has a hand-written dedication "Presented to the Publick Library in Cambridge By the Editor B. La Trobe." 9 Langton Op.Cit. p 129 10 Ibid. p 143 The Choirs were designated 1 Married Choir 2 Widowers 3 Widows 4 Single Brethren 5 Single Sisters 6 Youths 7 Big Girls 8 Little Boys 9 Little Girls 10 Infants in arms 11 Murtagh Moravian Architecture and Town Planning 1967 p 9 12 Ibid. p 104 13 Hamlin Op. Cit. p 7 14 Ibid. p 11, quoting The Journal of Latrobe by JHB Latrobe, p viii 15 This was Heinrich August Reidel, a Prussian Engineer, see Correspondence of BH Latrobe Vol I pp 6-7. Latrobe's military involvement is hinted at by Talbot Hamlin, Op. Cit. p 14 16 Letter to Jefferson July 4th 1807, Correspondence of BH Latrobe. 17 Correspondence of BH Latrobe Vol I p 9 18 Ibid. 19 Hamlin Op. Cit. p 16, n 14. 20 Ibid. p 15 21 The Admiralty Building in particular. Ibid. p 28. Hamlin suggests that Latrobe's entry into the profession was eased somewhat by family connections. Ibid. 22 Quoted by Hamlin Op. Cit. p 45 from Latrobe's Obituary 23 The history of the site has been carefully researched by Jonathan Small in Hammerwood Park Guidebook (pp 4-5) and shows that a house called The Bower existed on the site, overlooking the Iron Forge in the valley. The foundations of another house are visible on the west side of the central block, and my survey of the building showed that the north and south walls of the library are not parallel one of them is following an old foundation. A blocked up window and evidence of a roof junction are visible in an upstairs room which the owners have left unplastered. 24 JM Crook Op.Cit. p 86 quotes James Elmes as in 1823 remembering how many architects had hated 'the newfangled Doric without a base as much as they did a shirt without ruffles. [they] lamented the shocking innovations of Wyatt and Soane, the more dreadful importations of Stuart, and were nearly going into a fever when the portico at Covent Garden Theatre was opened.' 25 This slightly wider central module is as much a necessity to allow entry as a compositional device. These measurements were made in 1991 by the author 26 That these capitals were specifically designed for Hammerwood is obvious from Alison Kelly's extensive research on Coade stone Mrs Coade's Stone 1990 p 102 & 148 27 CD Lewis Greek Revival Style Unpublished thesis in Library of Department of Architecture and History of Art, Cambridge University. P 27 and note 103. 28 See fig 26. Low sun in the mornings and evenings does light the necking bands, but the point is a valid one. 29 Kelly Op. Cit. p 200 Alison Kelly writes of watching the only other pair she had found being smashed on site during the demolition of a house in Ascot. 30 See DE Gershenson Apollo the Wolf God 1991 p 127 31 Ibid. Gershenson not only cites the statue of the wolf at Delphi, the centre of Greek Apollo worship, but also shows how most folk tales involving wolves are mythic in their basis and tend back to Apollo as their source. 32 Ibid. p 129. Gershenson points out Nietzsche's interest in the Apolline warrior as a basis for his superman. Latrobe's military interest that alienated him from the Moravians could well have been founded on this romantic view of the martial spirit. 33 The large entrance portico to the north is a later addition to the house after the southern approach route was dropped in favour of the northern driveway. For a diagram of the original route see fig 15 34 See figs 23 and 24 as examples of later, German, paintings depicting the ruggedness of Arcadia complete with 6BC Doric temples, and fig 22, Paestum in its setting. 35 The existence of a cellar under only the eastern most part of the house, connected to the servants wing by a long corridor suggests that the land was built up on this side to form an outcrop and the cellars created opportunely it would be easier to bury them at a distance from the service wing than dig them closer by. The sudden steepness of the hill behind the house suggests that the earth needed for this landscaping came from the area immediately beside the present building. The landscape below the house was certainly 'enhanced' at the same time as construction of the building, perhaps by Repton (see Hammerwood Park Guidebook p 47) oaks blown down in the 1988 storms were planted between 1793 and 1796. 36 Many of their careful measurements turned out to be inaccurateas JM Crook says, the best revivalists realised there was no future in pure copying. Op. Cit. p 91 37 The crypt was one of the only elements of the scheme that was not altered over time, and was built between 1760 and 1763, see Rykwert The First Moderns p 450 ff. The columns were based on those at Paestum, which Soufflot had visited in 1750. See Braham "The Drawings for Soufflot's Sainte-GeneviŠve" Burlington Magazine CXIII (Oct 1978) p 585 38 Latrobe's wife, Lydia Sellon died in November 1793. Hamlin Op.Cit. p 53 notes that Latrobe was declared bankrupt in the European Magazine for July-December 1795 on December 5th. Latrobe left for America aboard the Eliza on November 25th.